Efektivitas Terapi Kompres Dingin (Ice Pack) Pada 24 Jam Pertama Pascapersalinan Terhadap Pembengkakan, Edema, Dan Nyeri Perineum: Suatu Tinjauan Literatur

Abstract

Perineal trauma remains one of the most prevalent complications following vaginal delivery, affecting approximately 85–90% of parturient women worldwide. The resulting pain, edema, and local inflammation during the first 24 hours postpartum significantly compromise maternal comfort, breastfeeding initiation, neonatal bonding, and early mobilization. Cold compress therapy, commonly administered through ice packs, constitutes a widely practiced non-pharmacological intervention aimed at alleviating these symptoms through localized cryotherapy. This literature review systematically examines published evidence from peer-reviewed journals, Cochrane systematic reviews, and clinical practice guidelines regarding the physiological mechanisms, clinical efficacy, optimal application protocols, safety considerations, and nursing implications of perineal ice pack therapy within the immediate postpartum period. The analysis synthesizes findings from randomized controlled trials demonstrating that cold application induces vasoconstriction, reduces nerve conduction velocity, and activates the spinal gating mechanism described by the Gate Control Theory of Pain, collectively contributing to measurable reductions in pain intensity scores and perineal edema. However, the evidence remains heterogeneous, with some sham-controlled trials reporting non-significant differences in low-trauma birth settings. Contraindications including cold hypersensitivity and prolonged application risks are discussed. This review concludes with evidence-based recommendations for midwifery and nursing practice as well as directions for future research.